Jonathan Quick batted away a deflected shot by Kevin Labanc, but the puck went to Marleau, who scored into an open net for his 99th game-winning goal in the regular season for the Sharks, passing Bobby Hull (Chicago Blackhawks) for third most in NHL history for a player with one team.
WATCH: [All Sharks vs. Kings highlights]
Los Angeles came back from down 3-0 to tie the game.
Timo Meier scored two goals, and Erik Karlsson had a goal and an assist for the Sharks (13-11-1), who have won three straight games, all in overtime.
Logan Couture had an assist for San Jose to extend his point streak to seven games (three goals, eight assists), Labanc had two assists, and Martin Jones made 33 saves for his eighth win in nine starts.
"It wasn't our best [third] period," Meier said. "I think we could have managed the score better. I thought we played real well the first 40 minutes. Yeah, we gave 'em too much in the third, but credit to the guys, we found a way to get another two points. I think we could have done it over 60 minutes, but we found a way."
Adrian Kempe and Anze Kopitar each had a goal and an assist for the Kings (9-13-2), who are 1-2-1 in their past four games. Quick made 21 saves.